CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — NASA's Artemis II mission made history in April 2026 when it carried four astronauts around the Moon for the first time in more than half a century, but new research suggests the flight also left a powerful and previously unappreciated mark much closer to home: temporary "holes" in Earth's ionosphere, the electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere, large enough that researchers say they could have briefly thrown off the accuracy of GPS signals across North America, according to a study reported this week. Illustration: NASA's Artemis II rocket launching through Earth's upper atmosphere, with a glowing disturbed layer high above the vehicle. This is an illustration, not a photograph of the actual launch. What Happened According to researchers at National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, the Artemis II flight disturbed the ionosphere not once but three times: during lift-off on April 1, 2026, during an engine burn about two ...